When I think of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder I obviously think of a child that is hard to deal with. I’m sure we all had moments in our childhood where we became a little too much to deal with and our parents had to take a discipline approach of some kind. Then I thought, what happens to the parents of kids who suffer from ODD/CD? Generally speaking, how do they feel about their children?
In a study, parents of children with ODD/CD and parents of children without a disorder were recruited to measure their life satisfaction. In this study, they had questionnaires that evaluated independence, acceptance, order, contact, family and tranquility. It was hypothesized that parents of children with ODD/CD would report a higher need for all these factors in their life, and would therefore experience a lower level for both satisfaction and self-esteem in their lives. Interestingly, it was found that independence, acceptance, order, tranquility were supported by the hypothesis while family was somewhat supported by the data. This leaves social as the only factor that was not supported by the data. The conclusion was clear that parents of a child with ODD/CD were dealing with a child that involved more extra attention and more commitment to their needs. With this, a parent had to give up most of their time for their child’s behavioral health. While this study did study parents specifically, I was interested in this topic because parents are there for their children through anything so I wanted to see how they felt when they knew their child had a disorder like ODD/CD. Something that I wanted this experiment to ask was, ‘How much support the parents of children with ODD/CD gave to their kids’? I think that this is relevant to the discussion since family support is a crucial thing for a child with ODD/CD. While this data indicates that the parents exhibit low levels of life satisfaction in many factors, they help out their kids in any way they can. So a new question could be, how does family support affect a child with ODD/CD?
Allen, Amy L. Duncan & Patrick, Carol. (2010). Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem of Parents with Behaviorally Disordered Children: The Effect of Parental Motives. Individual Differences Research, 8 (2), 121-131.
Hi Aaron. I found your post very interesting. When reading your blog it made me think how often children with ODD/CD get abused by their parents or guardians? Would the abuse come in the forms of physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse? If parents with children who have the disorder ODD/CD have a lower life satisfaction could the likelihood of abuse increase significantly? We discussed in class how children with ADHD are at a higher risk for getting abused due to their hyperactive behavior and impulsiveness. Would this not apply to children and families with ODD/CD? Just as we discussed in the example of the woman with anxiety and the child in the integrative approach example, I feel as though there is a way in this situation that children and parents behaviors and actions influence each other continually. Further, if a child with ODD/CD is abused I feel as though that would increase their likelihood of learning that when you are mad you act out physically and violently. If that behavior is demonstrated in school or as an adult a person with ODD/CD could then have a higher risk of incarceration.
You posed such an interesting question! I like how you looked at the familial aspect, because it is definitely a significant factor when it comes to children living with mental disorders. Did the discussion section of this article give any potential ways for parents to cope with the higher needs they require? My thought is that if this is a common, widespread issue in parents of children with ODD/CD then hopefully there would be some sort of parental support groups or coping techniques. If not, that would be an effective and interesting area of new research. Thanks for such an engaging read!
Aaron good post! I liked the question that the research was studying. It makes sense that a parent to an ODD/CD child would report lower life satisfaction since their devoting so much extra attentinon to their children. I would be interested to see how much of a role support by the parents plays in the further development or improvement in ODD/CD kids. Also It would be cool to know what % of parents allow their ODD/CD teenagers to live at home past age 18 or 19.
This was such an interesting question to pose. I have never really considered the parental aspect of the situation of children with CD/ODD. Did this study compare parents who had a child with CD/ODD where the parents were diagnosed with CD/ODD to parents who were not? I would think the opinions of parents who have had the diagnosis would be much different from parents who did not. Perhaps there is less need for support and more understanding between the parent and child, or the complete opposite. Interesting study you found, though!
Aaron, I like how you looked at how a child and their disorder can effect their parents' lives. I was wondering if the study looked at other factors as well. Did the study take into account if the family also had other children without a disorder that they were also responsible for or if the family had multiple children with the similar or other disorders? I wonder if either of these also contributed to the parents' life satisfaction and how they helped their children.
I agree with many others about the interest in the parents feelings about their child with ODD/CD. I also wonder if the parents were to have these disorders themselves if the results would change. I'm curious to know if they parents went through any psychological treatment and how that would affect their feelings and emotional being about their child. I also wonder if they study looked into family SES.
Aaron, Its hard for me to believe that parents of CD/ODD kids reported to have less life satisfaction. Your kids are your kids regardless. You would think that these parents would seek out help for their children to help improve not only the child's life but there on. Today's lecture really shined some light for me on what these kids go through and I can't even imagine. I know as the oldest of three siblings that kids can be hard, and can only imagine how much harder it is for parents to have a child or children with these disorders.
Aaron, Your blog post was very interesting. During lecture today, I too thought about how parents of children with ODD/CD handle this situation. Surely, a parent of any child with a disorder faces different struggles when compared to a parent with a typically "normal" child, but ODD/CD must be their own breed of difficult disorders to handle. With symptoms such as aggression, destruction of property, and basic authority defiance, I couldn't imagine how a parent might cope when in this situation. The results of this study made complete sense to me. Although parents of ODD/CD children did report low life satisfaction, they still were committed to caring for the child regardless. I do sympathize with these parents as well as their children, but I do admire the amount of support the parents provide.
Aaron, I really liked reading your blog, I found it very interesting. It does make sense that parents with a child that has ODD/CD would say that they have less life satisfactory even though it is sad to admit. I was such a pain to my mom growing up and I can not even imagine what it would be like for a parent to raise a child with ODD/CD. What is good about this study is that the parents are still caring for their child even though it might be more difficult for them at times.
One thing that really interested me in this chapter was that there is not a clear indicator if childhood delinquency originates from inside the child or from an external factor such as the safety of the child's environment. My question then is there a way to identify the source of delinquent behavior in order to reduce risk factors of future offenders? I researched this question and found an article that shed some light. In a 2001 study conducted by the University of Missouri-Columbia focused on the risk factors both genetic and environmental that could increase the likelihood of a child with ODD to commit a crime. I learned that my question was better answered when I did not assume that environment and someone with ODD had different risks associated with committing juvenile crime. The article also pointed out how important clinically it is to identify these risk factors before juvenile criminal behavior results in adult criminal behavior. One of the risk factors discussed was neurochemical. Research showed that children who are predisposed towards aggression had a lower amount of the neurotransmitter Serotonin in the brain. This attribute of ODD could be treated with an SSRI. Further, research showed that another risk factor for children with ODD was parents who demonstrated abuse, drinking during pregnancy, or using drugs during pregnancy. Some of the most important risk factors are children with ODD who cannot fit into social groups at school or in extracurriculars and who are significantly underachieving academically. This article answered my question, because it showed through scientific research some of the risk factors for children with ODD to become juvenile offenders. It also showed that children who are juvenile offenders due to their environment share just that one risk factor typically in common with children with ODD.
Holmes, S., Slaughter, J., & Kashani, J. (2001, March). Risk Factors in Childhood that Lead to the Development of Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 31(3), 183-193. doi:10.1023/A:1026425304480
This post was very intriguing! I especially thought it was interesting how aggression could potentially be screened for by the testing of neurochemical levels. If there is not a similar technique already in place, I wonder if eventually children could have their serotonin levels routinely tested (maybe during their annual check-up). This neurotransmitter information could not only provide a screening for aggression, but could also allow medical professionals to screen for other potential mental disorders early, since many disorders affect neurotransmitters (i.e. dopamine and serotonin). Thanks for this very informative post!
Good Post Lauren! The thing I learned the most from this post was that the serotonin levels and pre natal exposure to drugs/alcohol are linked with developing ODD. I wonder if pre natal exposure is correlated with the low serotonin levels? I would think that genetic counseling- looking at all the risk factors heredity, drug use, and other factors could really help parents by knowing the chances their baby could be more likely to develop ODD.
You're definitely speaking my language! I love that you brought up the biological side of these behaviors and the whole debate on nature vs nurture. I think it's interesting how your article says that these children have lower levels of serotonin and are pre-disposed to criminal behavior. This got me thinking that if these children are pre-disposed or have an increased risk to engage in criminal behaviors, then these children could potentially be screened as Erin mentioned above. If this is done, then I can't image how this could potentially change our society if such a test was done on children. Could we potentially hold a key to controlling deviant behavior? I'm sure that environment also has a huge role in the deviant behavior of a person, but if we control for the biology (nurture) of deviant behavior, then we could potentially explore the nature side of this behavior.
After reading Chapter 9 on Conduct Problems, I became interested in knowing more about prenatal and birth factors in their relation to development of serious conduct problems. Their section was very short and brushed over the topic, but I became interest in knowing more information. The book said strong evidence of "direct biological causation is lacking" for evidence of a mother actually smoking during pregnancy to have an effect on conduct disorders. So my question was, what research can show that there is effects from prenatal smoking on a conduct disorder ? If possible, what are the genetic and environmental explanations?
This research took data from a longitudinal twin study and assessed association and correlation of prenatal smoking and childhood conduct problems along with heritable and environmental risk for conduct disorders, like possible antisocial outcomes. Their outcomes proved there was a "dose-response relationship" between conduct disorders and prenatal smoking, especially at the ages of 5-7. They believed half showed correlation to genetic effects. This mothers, compared to nonsmokers, were to be more antisocial, have their children with more antisocial men, have depression, and raise their children in more disadvantaged environment. The study made a good point with that, showing how most smoking mothers were different and how their environment was different, playing a role in the child's development of conduct disorder. They then compared to controlled study of which there was no prenatal smoking and the effects for conduct disorder were reduced my 75%. This article really helped my question, but I believe more studies should be done to provide stronger evidence for this topic.
Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2004). Prenatal Smoking and Early Childhood Conduct Problems: Testing Genetic and Environmental Explanations of the Association. Archives Of General Psychiatry, 61(8), 836-843. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.836
Thinking about prenatal factors and the concerns that could have an effect on childhood disorders wasn't really something that I had previously thought about. Typically, prenatal factors are thought to either be genetic, or cause severe problems for children, not just a defiant disorder. The fact that this is seen to be linked to mothers smoking is also interesting to know because it's odd that something of that manner would have that effect on children. Great thinking, I agree more research should be done on this topic, and see what else prenatally can be found.
Morgan, I really liked your question! I would have never though to ask that. Its crazy to think that something as simple as a parent not smoking could help out their child. I know the environment plays a major role in child development but I never took into account just how serious that was until reading your post. I agree with you that more research should be done on this topic. It would be interesting to see what effect mother's drinking had on CD.
Morgan, After reading your article, I thought about the importance of a child's environment when they have a disorder such as conduct disorder. The research from your article made a good point when stating that mothers who do smoke have a tendency to put themselves, as well as their children, in more hazardous environments when compared to mothers who do not smoke. When dealing with a disorder such as conduct disorder it is important to consider the child's environment. Although a lot of the disruptive behaviors that come with having CD are out of that child's control, it is important that they are put in an environment that encourages resilience. Children with CD especially need support, love, attentive caregivers and positive influences in their lives.
I think it's interesting that you would look into smoking. I know that smoking during a pregnancy harmfully impact a child's development. It makes sense that a child would be more likely to develop CD if there mother drinks. I wonder if it would be the same for a child who's mother drinks or is on hard drugs. I think they probably would be more likely to develop CD, but it would be interesting to see what the research says.
Hey Morgan, I love that you found a longitudinal twin study over this! Those are personally my favorite kind of studies. I thought it was interesting too that the mothers that were smoking had a higher chance their child would develop CD. I wonder if that is due to the smoking specifically or the antisocial factor. On a different semi related note, I'd be interested to know if maybe the children who's mothers smoked while pregnant, if those kids also smoked at an earlier age (maybe in part because of CD).
Reading through the textbook chapter about conduct/oppositional defiant disorder (ODD/CD), I thought it was interesting to learn about ODD/CD and how it often comes hand-in-hand with ADHD. Comorbidity is common in children with ODD/CD, but the textbook did not specifically go in-depth about ODD/CD and depression. I wanted to know how ODD/CD expresses itself in people with depression. I started to wonder: How does someone who has strictly depression compare to someone with depression and ODD/CD?
In children, depressive disorders and conduct disorders appear together very often. In a study involving children 8 to 17 years old, differences between children with only depression, children with only conduct disorder, and children with depression and ODD/CD (comorbidity) were measured. The results yielded few symptomatic differences between the groups, proposing that comorbidity of depressive and conduct disorder looks relatively similar to someone with only a depressive disorder. On the other hand, a few distinctions were revealed. Comorbidity was found to emphasize functional and emotional problems, such as higher levels of somatic issues and anxiety and lower levels of appetite and sleep problems. Overall, these findings thoroughly answered my question, revealing that someone with strictly depression looks very similar to someone with depression and ODD/CD.
Ezpeleta, L., Domènech, J. M., & Angold, A. (2006, July). A comparison of pure and comorbid CD/ODD and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(7), 704-712. Retrieved September 26, 2016, from PsycINFO.
Erin, I think you made a very good link between depressive and conduct disorders. I didn't immediately think to link the two. I wonder if those with both a depressive disorder and a conduct disorder was harder to diagnose than those with just a depressive disorder. I would like to see a study map out the ways they reached the diagnosis for each of those children. Possibly it could also show which ways they qualify for each diagnosis.
Hi Erin, I think that you raise a really interesting point. It seems really likely that children who suffer CD/ODD could also have a comorbidity with ADHD or Anxiety/Depression Disorder. It also made me wonder how many of those issues either parents have or siblings. If the mother or father had any one of these psychological disorders did it make the likleihood that their child could have CD/ODD comorbidity with another psychological disorder much higher? It makes me wonder if having both disorders is of equal probable chance due to heredity and environment or if one disorder increases the likelihood of having the comorbid disorder? For instance, does having either CD/ODD or Anxiety/Depression increase the risk of adopting another disorder like ADHD?
Hi Erin, I think that thinking about the comorbidity of those two disorders is actually really a good idea, and something that I didn't think to delve into. I could definitely see how having ODD/CD and Depression could lead to having higher anxiety levels due to those both having comorbidity and now doubling anxiety seems like it would be incredibly hard to deal with. It makes me wonder if comorbidity with certain disorders are linked to genetics or just happen within the individual.
I really enjoyed your post! I asked myself the same question- there is comorbidity, but how are these two different? You did a really great job, and your article helped answer some of my questions while reading. I find it interesting you can see the difference in functional problems, I could see it in emotional problems! Great job!
Erin, You make a very interesting observation. As soon as I read your prompt, I realized that it would make sense for someone with ODD/CD to develop depression, especially if they are shunned by their peers for their behavior. I wonder if depression is more prevalent in the ODD/CD population than the general population? Thank you for bringing up such a great question!
Erin, I am very intrigued by your question and your research findings leave me wanting to know more. I found it most fascinating that the study mentions the results yielded few symptomatic differences between the groups because I would have assumed that a child with ODD/CD and depressive disorder may have stood out pretty significantly compared to someone with just depressive disorder. I know I didn't think of these two disorders and the likelihood of them pairing but after reading your post I think it's interesting how two what seem to be opposite diagnosis can be comorbid.
When reading in the chapter about oppositional defiant disorder, I wanted to know more about how kids/adolescents could be pre disposed for the disorder or if the environment was more the main factor. My question is does environment, heredity, or both factors have more of an influence if kids will develop the disorder? I found an interesting recent study that looked at pre natal drug use, ethnic/minorities, drug use/drug sales in kids neighborhoods, and possible correlations with ODD. The results revealed that kids were at a significantly higher risk for developing ODD if the parents reported feeling unsafe and had drug use/sales in their neighborhood. It makes sense that a child growing up in this type of environment with criminal activity could grow to resent/ be angry at cops or authority figures. The results for pre natal exposure and correlation to ODD measured smoking, alcohol, caffeine, and drug use. The results revealed that only caffeine consumed on a daily basis significantly predicted a diagnosis of ODD but, only in female adolescents. I would say this was the most surprising thing to me in the study that caffeine not drug use was more significant. Alcohol and drug use also correlated but, not at a significant level. Some reasons for this could be how much pre natal drug/alcohol was used and also the timing. It has been shown that alcohol use in the 1st trimester leads to internalized behavior, use in the 2nd and 3rd trimester has been linked to externalized behaviors like delinquency and aggression. The study revealed that ethnic/minority youths were also shown to have more of a risk for developing lifetime ODD than Caucasians were. This made me wonder if it was related to cultural difference? There was some research I found that studied geographical locations across different cultures, that concluded there is no significant difference for developing ODD. So why would ethnic/minorities be more at risk? I think this could be because more ethnic/minorities are in bad environments. As the study revealed unsafe neighborhoods with drug sales/drug use were shown to correlate with ODD. This article was very helpful in answering my question. It confirmed that you can be pre disposed(pre natal) and that the environment where you grow up your influences all have a role in kids that develop ODD.
Russell, A., Johnson, C., Hammad, A., Ristau, K., Zawadzki, S., Alba Villar, L., & Coker, K. (2015). Prenatal and Neighborhood Correlates of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(4), 375-381. doi:10.1007/s10560-015-0379-3
Shawn, That is a good question! It shocked me that only caffeine consumed daily had the most significantly predicted diagnosis of ODD, and that it only happened in female adolescents. Especially when compared to smoking,drug use and alcohol. I really would have thought caffeine would have been the least likely to do that.
Shawn, That was really surprising to me. Out of the items you listed (drugs, alcohol, and caffeine) I thought It was interesting that caffeine had the correlation. Especially since it was with girls and not boys. I thought it would have more of an affect on boys. I thought it was interesting too to look into prenatal development to show how genetics has some to do with developing ODD. It is also interesting to me how much your environment influences the kids as well.
While reading this chapter it was stated that a lot of times ODD/CD and ADHD usually go hand in hand with each other, by this I mean children who exhibit ODD/CD have a high tendency to also display symptoms of ADHD. What I find interesting is how it is thought that executive functioning deficits are one explanation as to why individuals develop ADHD, so my question is since these three (or two disorders depending on how you look at it) are somewhat comorbid is it possible that executive functioning deficits are the cause, or symptoms, for the occurrence of ODD/CD in children who may not have ADHD, and vice versa?
In the study I found, researchers experimented on children ranging from six years of age to twelve years by investigating their verbal fluency, working memory, and planning. The experimenters had three different groups they separated the children into so as to be able to better see if executive functioning deficits were seen in both disorders or only one of them; group one were children who only had ADHD, group two were children who only had ODD/CD, and group three were the children who had both ADHD and ODD/CD. It was found that only the children who were diagnosed as just having ADHD displayed executive functioning deficits which were displayed through planning and working memory, but children who only had ODD/CD didn't display any form of executive functioning deficits. It's clear that executive functioning deficits are only seen in children with ADHD, thus an individual who has both ODD/CD and ADHD would display deficits in EF only because of their ADHD and not because of their diagnosis of ODD/CD.
Oosterlaan, J., Scheres, A., & Sergeant, J.A. (2005). Which Executive Functioning Deficits Are Associated With AD/HD, ODD/CD and Comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(1), 69-85. doi: 10.1007/s10802-005-0935-y
This was a thought I had as well. Since ADHD and CD/ODD are so closely related, why is it that their impacts are not the same? I applied this question in a much more neurological way. I wonder if the brain structures of those with CD/ODD look similar or different to those with ADHD and that may show a more clear reason as to why ADHD children struggle with executive functioning. Great topic.
This is really interesting, and it falls in line with what I know especially about CD. If CD is the precursor of antisocial personality disorder, would those lack of deficits translate? I know that individuals with APD tend to have average or above average IQs, and it's the same thing--that their functioning deficits cannot be explained by their disorder. However, I think there's much more of a knee-jerk reaction against ASD and CD/ODD than there is against ADHD--that they're seen as just "bad kids", rather than as children that need help. I wonder if there's been any measurement of stigma or societal issues exacerbating the problems of CD and ODD.
I have studied CD/ODD in quite a number of my forensic classes. I know that there are a variety of treatment methods for CD/ODD. The chapter brought to my attention that the environment and genetics potentially both play a major role in the outcome of CD/ODD. What interests me about CD/ODD is the treatment that plays on the environment. Is involving the family in the treatment of CD/ODD more or less effective than just treating the individual?
When it comes to treatment, one of the most common methods is known as parent training. Parent training, also known as parent management training (PMT) is a program where parents learn parenting techniques deemed most beneficial for children with ODD/CD. The parents are taught positive reinforcement techniques and coached in their parenting behaviors. PMT can also involve the entire in-house family depending on the severity of the diagnosis where intervention is implemented. In a study of children diagnosed with CD/ODD, researchers randomly assigned families to different treatment programs. The researches managed a longitudinal study on families who underwent PMT in order to determine if the common treatment method is effective. Post-treatment, 5-6 years later, the researchers followed-up with those who underwent PMT. The researchers found that 5-6 years after PMT, two-thirds of the participants no longer qualified for a diagnosis of CD/ODD. However, the study found that individuals suffering from internalized problems were not as significantly impacted by PMT treatment methods. This study showed that PMT is effective but each case should be looked at individually. It would probably be most beneficial to train the parents and focus on the child as an individual in order to treat all potential contributing factors to the behavior.
Drugli, M. B., Larsson, B., Fossum, S., & Mørch, W. (2010). Five- to six-year outcome and its prediction for children with ODD/CD treated with parent training. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, And Allied Disciplines, 51(5), 559-566.
I think teaching parents how to help their child is so important. It might matter slightly what a therapist can do in a group of sessions, but what parents can do for their children goes far beyond, they are the one that interact with them everyday. Learning how to teach parents how to help with externalizing behaviors is one aspect of it. Parents can see those and are able to identify them easily. Internalizing problems can be more hidden and we need to find ways to help parents help their children that way we can see a change in those children that have internalizing problems as well.
Good job! As Megan pointed out, how a therapist can do their part, what parents can do does a lot. PMT would be very important to teach parents, because being a parent do a child with conduct disorders could be very difficult and hard to deal with. Helping them build the confidence to parent these children and teaching them PMT techniques would be very effective, because they do know their children better than a psychologist and are around them all the time. As you said, there should be more work on it and working individually with children because these internalized problems hold back PMT from being as effective as it could be. Once again, great job!
I like how you differentiated between internalizing and externalizing issues! I work in PCIT (Parent-Child Interaction Therapy), and we talk about the functional differences between those issues a lot. Parent training (PMT or PCIT) is really effective at changing external behaviors, but it might not deal with child issues of self-worth, etc, that come along with CD/ODD. If kids with these disorders tend not to care what other people think, though, than how do those internalizing behaviors manifest and how can we better treat them? I know that putting them in group therapy (which intuitively might work) has been something of a disaster thus far.
I wonder if the reason why two-thirds of the participant population didn't qualify for diagnosis of CD/ODD because they had outgrown their symptoms in those five years. I know that we talked in class about how most people who are diagnosed with CD/ODD do not have a lifetime prevalency, and end up out-growing the disorder within their teenage years up until they turn 21. I really like the points that you brought up in your post, and I enjoyed reading about your article. However, I wonder if that is why their participants were no longer diagnosed with CD/ODD and not because of the Parent Training program.
Alex- Interesting post. I think that there is definitely a correlation between parenting style and CD/ODD. The parent's technique of discipline can show through their children. A parent has to be strict but also comforting and not inconsistent with their style. It was interesting to read that 2/3 who had the diagnosis no longer were seen as having CD/ODD. It makes me wonder if it was just PMT that had affected that or if there was another variable in play. Overall, this post was very interesting to read. It makes me want to look more into it.
Reading this chapter over Conduct Problems, I immediately thought of the kids that I have in my class at work. I work at a daycare so reading about the school and learning problems was especially interesting to me. Although my children are younger and academic achievement is not as important, I am interested in to learn more of how much the outside or more specifically school environment effects the progression of conduct disorder. Is there anything at the younger level that can help children with conduct problems to be put on a less problematic path? I found an interesting study that was done in Brazil that watched students that had conduct disorder and watched the symptoms of the students that had dropped out in elementary school or those who stayed in school. They did a random sample of students from a variety of schools and paired a student who was at school to a student who had dropped out. Previous studies had been done on students in high schools and middle schools but not elementary. The peak drop out rate for this region was in the 3rd grade. It was interesting to see that there was a stronger correlation with children with CD who dropped out who also had more prevalent and drastic symptoms in comparison to those who stayed in school. The students who dropped out also had a lower IQ than those who stayed in school. It was interesting to find out that those students who were in school had less prevalent symptoms and a higher IQ. To me this shows that the children going to school does have an affect on their CD.
Tramontina, S., Martins, S., Michalowski, M. B., Ketzer, C. R., Eizirik, M., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2001). School dropout and conduct disorder in Brazilian elementary school students. Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 46(10), 941-947.
Interesting post. I didn't really think about the option of children dropping out of school and its effect on CD. I can see why children who drop would be more likely to have higher levels of CD. I think that school and the teachers have a huge effect on controlling this behavior and try their best to make the children understand that they need to improve their behavior, making school such a huge factor in why children with CD have lower levels of CD. Now, I think that this article should have taken parent support as a factor too because this could potentially mean that children who dropped out did not have parent support at home and therefore exhibited higher levels of CD. Overall, great post!
I thought that it was interesting that the peak drop out age was in 3rd grade. I wonder since Brasil is lesser developed than the US if there drop out age for children with CD is younger. Children in the US might have more opportunities to stay in school, so it would be interesting to see if the drop out peak doesn't start until children are older.
Leeann- Interesting idea! I had never thought of the correlation of CD and dropping out of school. It makes sense, however, that kids with CD who don't go to school would be more disruptive. I feel like in some type of way being in school can help children be more structured and teach them the ways of society and how to act. Having a higher IQ also makes sense because if you are in school (hopefully) you will get smarter as you progress. Overall great post! I would have never thought to look at how CD can affect schooling and how dropping out of school can make CD symptoms somewhat more prevalent.
Leeann, I like this idea of how school environment can effect children at at young age with CD. Your discussion makes me wonder what specific and how severe the kid's symptoms are that led them to drop out. I also wonder, if the parent has a strong influence on whether the child drops out or not? Perhaps the parent's cannot find any sense of relief and help with the child's CD and they feel their only option is to take their child out of school. I think if that is the case the child may not be able to see the affects of how educators and friends can help a child with CD control some of their behaviors and maybe that's why they even have more severe symptoms upon dropping out- they have no sense of structure.
When I think of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder I obviously think of a child that is hard to deal with. I’m sure we all had moments in our childhood where we became a little too much to deal with and our parents had to take a discipline approach of some kind. Then I thought, what happens to the parents of kids who suffer from ODD/CD? Generally speaking, how do they feel about their children?
ReplyDeleteIn a study, parents of children with ODD/CD and parents of children without a disorder were recruited to measure their life satisfaction. In this study, they had questionnaires that evaluated independence, acceptance, order, contact, family and tranquility. It was hypothesized that parents of children with ODD/CD would report a higher need for all these factors in their life, and would therefore experience a lower level for both satisfaction and self-esteem in their lives. Interestingly, it was found that independence, acceptance, order, tranquility were supported by the hypothesis while family was somewhat supported by the data. This leaves social as the only factor that was not supported by the data. The conclusion was clear that parents of a child with ODD/CD were dealing with a child that involved more extra attention and more commitment to their needs. With this, a parent had to give up most of their time for their child’s behavioral health. While this study did study parents specifically, I was interested in this topic because parents are there for their children through anything so I wanted to see how they felt when they knew their child had a disorder like ODD/CD. Something that I wanted this experiment to ask was, ‘How much support the parents of children with ODD/CD gave to their kids’? I think that this is relevant to the discussion since family support is a crucial thing for a child with ODD/CD. While this data indicates that the parents exhibit low levels of life satisfaction in many factors, they help out their kids in any way they can. So a new question could be, how does family support affect a child with ODD/CD?
Allen, Amy L. Duncan & Patrick, Carol. (2010). Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem of Parents with Behaviorally Disordered Children: The Effect of Parental Motives. Individual Differences Research, 8 (2), 121-131.
Hi Aaron. I found your post very interesting. When reading your blog it made me think how often children with ODD/CD get abused by their parents or guardians? Would the abuse come in the forms of physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse? If parents with children who have the disorder ODD/CD have a lower life satisfaction could the likelihood of abuse increase significantly? We discussed in class how children with ADHD are at a higher risk for getting abused due to their hyperactive behavior and impulsiveness. Would this not apply to children and families with ODD/CD? Just as we discussed in the example of the woman with anxiety and the child in the integrative approach example, I feel as though there is a way in this situation that children and parents behaviors and actions influence each other continually. Further, if a child with ODD/CD is abused I feel as though that would increase their likelihood of learning that when you are mad you act out physically and violently. If that behavior is demonstrated in school or as an adult a person with ODD/CD could then have a higher risk of incarceration.
DeleteAaron,
DeleteYou posed such an interesting question! I like how you looked at the familial aspect, because it is definitely a significant factor when it comes to children living with mental disorders. Did the discussion section of this article give any potential ways for parents to cope with the higher needs they require? My thought is that if this is a common, widespread issue in parents of children with ODD/CD then hopefully there would be some sort of parental support groups or coping techniques. If not, that would be an effective and interesting area of new research. Thanks for such an engaging read!
Erin Cameron
Aaron good post!
DeleteI liked the question that the research was studying. It makes sense that a parent to an ODD/CD child would report lower life satisfaction since their devoting so much extra attentinon to their children. I would be interested to see how much of a role support by the parents plays in the further development or improvement in ODD/CD kids. Also It would be cool to know what % of parents allow their ODD/CD teenagers to live at home past age 18 or 19.
Aaron,
DeleteThis was such an interesting question to pose. I have never really considered the parental aspect of the situation of children with CD/ODD. Did this study compare parents who had a child with CD/ODD where the parents were diagnosed with CD/ODD to parents who were not? I would think the opinions of parents who have had the diagnosis would be much different from parents who did not. Perhaps there is less need for support and more understanding between the parent and child, or the complete opposite. Interesting study you found, though!
Aaron,
DeleteI like how you looked at how a child and their disorder can effect their parents' lives. I was wondering if the study looked at other factors as well. Did the study take into account if the family also had other children without a disorder that they were also responsible for or if the family had multiple children with the similar or other disorders? I wonder if either of these also contributed to the parents' life satisfaction and how they helped their children.
I agree with many others about the interest in the parents feelings about their child with ODD/CD. I also wonder if the parents were to have these disorders themselves if the results would change. I'm curious to know if they parents went through any psychological treatment and how that would affect their feelings and emotional being about their child. I also wonder if they study looked into family SES.
DeleteAaron,
DeleteIts hard for me to believe that parents of CD/ODD kids reported to have less life satisfaction. Your kids are your kids regardless. You would think that these parents would seek out help for their children to help improve not only the child's life but there on. Today's lecture really shined some light for me on what these kids go through and I can't even imagine. I know as the oldest of three siblings that kids can be hard, and can only imagine how much harder it is for parents to have a child or children with these disorders.
Aaron,
DeleteYour blog post was very interesting. During lecture today, I too thought about how parents of children with ODD/CD handle this situation. Surely, a parent of any child with a disorder faces different struggles when compared to a parent with a typically "normal" child, but ODD/CD must be their own breed of difficult disorders to handle. With symptoms such as aggression, destruction of property, and basic authority defiance, I couldn't imagine how a parent might cope when in this situation. The results of this study made complete sense to me. Although parents of ODD/CD children did report low life satisfaction, they still were committed to caring for the child regardless. I do sympathize with these parents as well as their children, but I do admire the amount of support the parents provide.
Aaron,
DeleteI really liked reading your blog, I found it very interesting. It does make sense that parents with a child that has ODD/CD would say that they have less life satisfactory even though it is sad to admit. I was such a pain to my mom growing up and I can not even imagine what it would be like for a parent to raise a child with ODD/CD. What is good about this study is that the parents are still caring for their child even though it might be more difficult for them at times.
One thing that really interested me in this chapter was that there is not a clear indicator if childhood delinquency originates from inside the child or from an external factor such as the safety of the child's environment. My question then is there a way to identify the source of delinquent behavior in order to reduce risk factors of future offenders?
ReplyDeleteI researched this question and found an article that shed some light. In a 2001 study conducted by the University of Missouri-Columbia focused on the risk factors both genetic and environmental that could increase the likelihood of a child with ODD to commit a crime. I learned that my question was better answered when I did not assume that environment and someone with ODD had different risks associated with committing juvenile crime. The article also pointed out how important clinically it is to identify these risk factors before juvenile criminal behavior results in adult criminal behavior. One of the risk factors discussed was neurochemical. Research showed that children who are predisposed towards aggression had a lower amount of the neurotransmitter Serotonin in the brain. This attribute of ODD could be treated with an SSRI. Further, research showed that another risk factor for children with ODD was parents who demonstrated abuse, drinking during pregnancy, or using drugs during pregnancy. Some of the most important risk factors are children with ODD who cannot fit into social groups at school or in extracurriculars and who are significantly underachieving academically. This article answered my question, because it showed through scientific research some of the risk factors for children with ODD to become juvenile offenders. It also showed that children who are juvenile offenders due to their environment share just that one risk factor typically in common with children with ODD.
Holmes, S., Slaughter, J., & Kashani, J. (2001, March). Risk Factors in Childhood that Lead to the Development of Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 31(3), 183-193. doi:10.1023/A:1026425304480
Lauren,
DeleteThis post was very intriguing! I especially thought it was interesting how aggression could potentially be screened for by the testing of neurochemical levels. If there is not a similar technique already in place, I wonder if eventually children could have their serotonin levels routinely tested (maybe during their annual check-up). This neurotransmitter information could not only provide a screening for aggression, but could also allow medical professionals to screen for other potential mental disorders early, since many disorders affect neurotransmitters (i.e. dopamine and serotonin). Thanks for this very informative post!
Erin Cameron
Good Post Lauren!
DeleteThe thing I learned the most from this post was that the serotonin levels and pre natal exposure to drugs/alcohol are linked with developing ODD. I wonder if pre natal exposure is correlated with the low serotonin levels? I would think that genetic counseling- looking at all the risk factors heredity, drug use, and other factors could really help parents by knowing the chances their baby could be more likely to develop ODD.
Lauren,
DeleteYou're definitely speaking my language! I love that you brought up the biological side of these behaviors and the whole debate on nature vs nurture. I think it's interesting how your article says that these children have lower levels of serotonin and are pre-disposed to criminal behavior. This got me thinking that if these children are pre-disposed or have an increased risk to engage in criminal behaviors, then these children could potentially be screened as Erin mentioned above. If this is done, then I can't image how this could potentially change our society if such a test was done on children. Could we potentially hold a key to controlling deviant behavior? I'm sure that environment also has a huge role in the deviant behavior of a person, but if we control for the biology (nurture) of deviant behavior, then we could potentially explore the nature side of this behavior.
*While this is a comment I made yesterday I still want to correct it by saying that I meant 'nature' not nurture!
DeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteAfter reading Chapter 9 on Conduct Problems, I became interested in knowing more about prenatal and birth factors in their relation to development of serious conduct problems. Their section was very short and brushed over the topic, but I became interest in knowing more information. The book said strong evidence of "direct biological causation is lacking" for evidence of a mother actually smoking during pregnancy to have an effect on conduct disorders. So my question was, what research can show that there is effects from prenatal smoking on a conduct disorder ? If possible, what are the genetic and environmental explanations?
ReplyDeleteThis research took data from a longitudinal twin study and assessed association and correlation of prenatal smoking and childhood conduct problems along with heritable and environmental risk for conduct disorders, like possible antisocial outcomes. Their outcomes proved there was a "dose-response relationship" between conduct disorders and prenatal smoking, especially at the ages of 5-7. They believed half showed correlation to genetic effects. This mothers, compared to nonsmokers, were to be more antisocial, have their children with more antisocial men, have depression, and raise their children in more disadvantaged environment. The study made a good point with that, showing how most smoking mothers were different and how their environment was different, playing a role in the child's development of conduct disorder. They then compared to controlled study of which there was no prenatal smoking and the effects for conduct disorder were reduced my 75%. This article really helped my question, but I believe more studies should be done to provide stronger evidence for this topic.
Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2004). Prenatal Smoking and Early Childhood Conduct Problems: Testing Genetic and Environmental Explanations of the Association. Archives Of General Psychiatry, 61(8), 836-843. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.836
Hey Morgan,
DeleteThinking about prenatal factors and the concerns that could have an effect on childhood disorders wasn't really something that I had previously thought about. Typically, prenatal factors are thought to either be genetic, or cause severe problems for children, not just a defiant disorder. The fact that this is seen to be linked to mothers smoking is also interesting to know because it's odd that something of that manner would have that effect on children. Great thinking, I agree more research should be done on this topic, and see what else prenatally can be found.
Morgan,
DeleteI really liked your question! I would have never though to ask that. Its crazy to think that something as simple as a parent not smoking could help out their child. I know the environment plays a major role in child development but I never took into account just how serious that was until reading your post. I agree with you that more research should be done on this topic. It would be interesting to see what effect mother's drinking had on CD.
Morgan,
DeleteAfter reading your article, I thought about the importance of a child's environment when they have a disorder such as conduct disorder. The research from your article made a good point when stating that mothers who do smoke have a tendency to put themselves, as well as their children, in more hazardous environments when compared to mothers who do not smoke. When dealing with a disorder such as conduct disorder it is important to consider the child's environment. Although a lot of the disruptive behaviors that come with having CD are out of that child's control, it is important that they are put in an environment that encourages resilience. Children with CD especially need support, love, attentive caregivers and positive influences in their lives.
Morgan,
DeleteI think it's interesting that you would look into smoking. I know that smoking during a pregnancy harmfully impact a child's development. It makes sense that a child would be more likely to develop CD if there mother drinks. I wonder if it would be the same for a child who's mother drinks or is on hard drugs. I think they probably would be more likely to develop CD, but it would be interesting to see what the research says.
Hey Morgan,
DeleteI love that you found a longitudinal twin study over this! Those are personally my favorite kind of studies. I thought it was interesting too that the mothers that were smoking had a higher chance their child would develop CD. I wonder if that is due to the smoking specifically or the antisocial factor. On a different semi related note, I'd be interested to know if maybe the children who's mothers smoked while pregnant, if those kids also smoked at an earlier age (maybe in part because of CD).
Reading through the textbook chapter about conduct/oppositional defiant disorder (ODD/CD), I thought it was interesting to learn about ODD/CD and how it often comes hand-in-hand with ADHD. Comorbidity is common in children with ODD/CD, but the textbook did not specifically go in-depth about ODD/CD and depression. I wanted to know how ODD/CD expresses itself in people with depression. I started to wonder: How does someone who has strictly depression compare to someone with depression and ODD/CD?
ReplyDeleteIn children, depressive disorders and conduct disorders appear together very often. In a study involving children 8 to 17 years old, differences between children with only depression, children with only conduct disorder, and children with depression and ODD/CD (comorbidity) were measured. The results yielded few symptomatic differences between the groups, proposing that comorbidity of depressive and conduct disorder looks relatively similar to someone with only a depressive disorder. On the other hand, a few distinctions were revealed. Comorbidity was found to emphasize functional and emotional problems, such as higher levels of somatic issues and anxiety and lower levels of appetite and sleep problems. Overall, these findings thoroughly answered my question, revealing that someone with strictly depression looks very similar to someone with depression and ODD/CD.
Ezpeleta, L., Domènech, J. M., & Angold, A. (2006, July). A comparison of pure and comorbid CD/ODD and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(7), 704-712. Retrieved September 26, 2016, from PsycINFO.
Erin,
DeleteI think you made a very good link between depressive and conduct disorders. I didn't immediately think to link the two. I wonder if those with both a depressive disorder and a conduct disorder was harder to diagnose than those with just a depressive disorder. I would like to see a study map out the ways they reached the diagnosis for each of those children. Possibly it could also show which ways they qualify for each diagnosis.
Hi Erin,
DeleteI think that you raise a really interesting point. It seems really likely that children who suffer CD/ODD could also have a comorbidity with ADHD or Anxiety/Depression Disorder. It also made me wonder how many of those issues either parents have or siblings. If the mother or father had any one of these psychological disorders did it make the likleihood that their child could have CD/ODD comorbidity with another psychological disorder much higher? It makes me wonder if having both disorders is of equal probable chance due to heredity and environment or if one disorder increases the likelihood of having the comorbid disorder? For instance, does having either CD/ODD or Anxiety/Depression increase the risk of adopting another disorder like ADHD?
Hi Erin,
DeleteI think that thinking about the comorbidity of those two disorders is actually really a good idea, and something that I didn't think to delve into. I could definitely see how having ODD/CD and Depression could lead to having higher anxiety levels due to those both having comorbidity and now doubling anxiety seems like it would be incredibly hard to deal with. It makes me wonder if comorbidity with certain disorders are linked to genetics or just happen within the individual.
Erin,
DeleteI really enjoyed your post! I asked myself the same question- there is comorbidity, but how are these two different? You did a really great job, and your article helped answer some of my questions while reading. I find it interesting you can see the difference in functional problems, I could see it in emotional problems! Great job!
Erin,
DeleteYou make a very interesting observation. As soon as I read your prompt, I realized that it would make sense for someone with ODD/CD to develop depression, especially if they are shunned by their peers for their behavior. I wonder if depression is more prevalent in the ODD/CD population than the general population? Thank you for bringing up such a great question!
Erin,
DeleteI am very intrigued by your question and your research findings leave me wanting to know more. I found it most fascinating that the study mentions the results yielded few symptomatic differences between the groups because I would have assumed that a child with ODD/CD and depressive disorder may have stood out pretty significantly compared to someone with just depressive disorder. I know I didn't think of these two disorders and the likelihood of them pairing but after reading your post I think it's interesting how two what seem to be opposite diagnosis can be comorbid.
When reading in the chapter about oppositional defiant disorder, I wanted to know more about how kids/adolescents could be pre disposed for the disorder or if the environment was more the main factor. My question is does environment, heredity, or both factors have more of an influence if kids will develop the disorder?
ReplyDeleteI found an interesting recent study that looked at pre natal drug use, ethnic/minorities, drug use/drug sales in kids neighborhoods, and possible correlations with ODD. The results revealed that kids were at a significantly higher risk for developing ODD if the parents reported feeling unsafe and had drug use/sales in their neighborhood. It makes sense that a child growing up in this type of environment with criminal activity could grow to resent/ be angry at cops or authority figures. The results for pre natal exposure and correlation to ODD measured smoking, alcohol, caffeine, and drug use. The results revealed that only caffeine consumed on a daily basis significantly predicted a diagnosis of ODD but, only in female adolescents. I would say this was the most surprising thing to me in the study that caffeine not drug use was more significant. Alcohol and drug use also correlated but, not at a significant level. Some reasons for this could be how much pre natal drug/alcohol was used and also the timing. It has been shown that alcohol use in the 1st trimester leads to internalized behavior, use in the 2nd and 3rd trimester has been linked to externalized behaviors like delinquency and aggression. The study revealed that ethnic/minority youths were also shown to have more of a risk for developing lifetime ODD than Caucasians were. This made me wonder if it was related to cultural difference? There was some research I found that studied geographical locations across different cultures, that concluded there is no significant difference for developing ODD. So why would ethnic/minorities be more at risk? I think this could be because more ethnic/minorities are in bad environments. As the study revealed unsafe neighborhoods with drug sales/drug use were shown to correlate with ODD.
This article was very helpful in answering my question. It confirmed that you can be pre disposed(pre natal) and that the environment where you grow up your influences all have a role in kids that develop ODD.
Russell, A., Johnson, C., Hammad, A., Ristau, K., Zawadzki, S., Alba Villar, L., & Coker, K. (2015). Prenatal and Neighborhood Correlates of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(4), 375-381. doi:10.1007/s10560-015-0379-3
Shawn,
DeleteThat is a good question! It shocked me that only caffeine consumed daily had the most significantly predicted diagnosis of ODD, and that it only happened in female adolescents. Especially when compared to smoking,drug use and alcohol. I really would have thought caffeine would have been the least likely to do that.
Shawn,
DeleteThat was really surprising to me. Out of the items you listed (drugs, alcohol, and caffeine) I thought It was interesting that caffeine had the correlation. Especially since it was with girls and not boys. I thought it would have more of an affect on boys. I thought it was interesting too to look into prenatal development to show how genetics has some to do with developing ODD. It is also interesting to me how much your environment influences the kids as well.
While reading this chapter it was stated that a lot of times ODD/CD and ADHD usually go hand in hand with each other, by this I mean children who exhibit ODD/CD have a high tendency to also display symptoms of ADHD. What I find interesting is how it is thought that executive functioning deficits are one explanation as to why individuals develop ADHD, so my question is since these three (or two disorders depending on how you look at it) are somewhat comorbid is it possible that executive functioning deficits are the cause, or symptoms, for the occurrence of ODD/CD in children who may not have ADHD, and vice versa?
ReplyDeleteIn the study I found, researchers experimented on children ranging from six years of age to twelve years by investigating their verbal fluency, working memory, and planning. The experimenters had three different groups they separated the children into so as to be able to better see if executive functioning deficits were seen in both disorders or only one of them; group one were children who only had ADHD, group two were children who only had ODD/CD, and group three were the children who had both ADHD and ODD/CD. It was found that only the children who were diagnosed as just having ADHD displayed executive functioning deficits which were displayed through planning and working memory, but children who only had ODD/CD didn't display any form of executive functioning deficits. It's clear that executive functioning deficits are only seen in children with ADHD, thus an individual who has both ODD/CD and ADHD would display deficits in EF only because of their ADHD and not because of their diagnosis of ODD/CD.
Oosterlaan, J., Scheres, A., & Sergeant, J.A. (2005). Which Executive Functioning Deficits Are Associated With AD/HD, ODD/CD and Comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(1), 69-85. doi: 10.1007/s10802-005-0935-y
Mariah,
DeleteThis was a thought I had as well. Since ADHD and CD/ODD are so closely related, why is it that their impacts are not the same? I applied this question in a much more neurological way. I wonder if the brain structures of those with CD/ODD look similar or different to those with ADHD and that may show a more clear reason as to why ADHD children struggle with executive functioning. Great topic.
This is really interesting, and it falls in line with what I know especially about CD. If CD is the precursor of antisocial personality disorder, would those lack of deficits translate? I know that individuals with APD tend to have average or above average IQs, and it's the same thing--that their functioning deficits cannot be explained by their disorder. However, I think there's much more of a knee-jerk reaction against ASD and CD/ODD than there is against ADHD--that they're seen as just "bad kids", rather than as children that need help. I wonder if there's been any measurement of stigma or societal issues exacerbating the problems of CD and ODD.
DeleteI have studied CD/ODD in quite a number of my forensic classes. I know that there are a variety of treatment methods for CD/ODD. The chapter brought to my attention that the environment and genetics potentially both play a major role in the outcome of CD/ODD. What interests me about CD/ODD is the treatment that plays on the environment. Is involving the family in the treatment of CD/ODD more or less effective than just treating the individual?
ReplyDeleteWhen it comes to treatment, one of the most common methods is known as parent training. Parent training, also known as parent management training (PMT) is a program where parents learn parenting techniques deemed most beneficial for children with ODD/CD. The parents are taught positive reinforcement techniques and coached in their parenting behaviors. PMT can also involve the entire in-house family depending on the severity of the diagnosis where intervention is implemented. In a study of children diagnosed with CD/ODD, researchers randomly assigned families to different treatment programs. The researches managed a longitudinal study on families who underwent PMT in order to determine if the common treatment method is effective. Post-treatment, 5-6 years later, the researchers followed-up with those who underwent PMT. The researchers found that 5-6 years after PMT, two-thirds of the participants no longer qualified for a diagnosis of CD/ODD. However, the study found that individuals suffering from internalized problems were not as significantly impacted by PMT treatment methods. This study showed that PMT is effective but each case should be looked at individually. It would probably be most beneficial to train the parents and focus on the child as an individual in order to treat all potential contributing factors to the behavior.
Drugli, M. B., Larsson, B., Fossum, S., & Mørch, W. (2010). Five- to six-year outcome and its prediction for children with ODD/CD treated with parent training. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, And Allied Disciplines, 51(5), 559-566.
I think teaching parents how to help their child is so important. It might matter slightly what a therapist can do in a group of sessions, but what parents can do for their children goes far beyond, they are the one that interact with them everyday. Learning how to teach parents how to help with externalizing behaviors is one aspect of it. Parents can see those and are able to identify them easily. Internalizing problems can be more hidden and we need to find ways to help parents help their children that way we can see a change in those children that have internalizing problems as well.
DeleteAlex,
DeleteGood job! As Megan pointed out, how a therapist can do their part, what parents can do does a lot. PMT would be very important to teach parents, because being a parent do a child with conduct disorders could be very difficult and hard to deal with. Helping them build the confidence to parent these children and teaching them PMT techniques would be very effective, because they do know their children better than a psychologist and are around them all the time. As you said, there should be more work on it and working individually with children because these internalized problems hold back PMT from being as effective as it could be.
Once again, great job!
I like how you differentiated between internalizing and externalizing issues! I work in PCIT (Parent-Child Interaction Therapy), and we talk about the functional differences between those issues a lot. Parent training (PMT or PCIT) is really effective at changing external behaviors, but it might not deal with child issues of self-worth, etc, that come along with CD/ODD. If kids with these disorders tend not to care what other people think, though, than how do those internalizing behaviors manifest and how can we better treat them? I know that putting them in group therapy (which intuitively might work) has been something of a disaster thus far.
DeleteI wonder if the reason why two-thirds of the participant population didn't qualify for diagnosis of CD/ODD because they had outgrown their symptoms in those five years. I know that we talked in class about how most people who are diagnosed with CD/ODD do not have a lifetime prevalency, and end up out-growing the disorder within their teenage years up until they turn 21. I really like the points that you brought up in your post, and I enjoyed reading about your article. However, I wonder if that is why their participants were no longer diagnosed with CD/ODD and not because of the Parent Training program.
DeleteAlex-
DeleteInteresting post. I think that there is definitely a correlation between parenting style and CD/ODD. The parent's technique of discipline can show through their children. A parent has to be strict but also comforting and not inconsistent with their style. It was interesting to read that 2/3 who had the diagnosis no longer were seen as having CD/ODD. It makes me wonder if it was just PMT that had affected that or if there was another variable in play. Overall, this post was very interesting to read. It makes me want to look more into it.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteReading this chapter over Conduct Problems, I immediately thought of the kids that I have in my class at work. I work at a daycare so reading about the school and learning problems was especially interesting to me. Although my children are younger and academic achievement is not as important, I am interested in to learn more of how much the outside or more specifically school environment effects the progression of conduct disorder. Is there anything at the younger level that can help children with conduct problems to be put on a less problematic path?
ReplyDeleteI found an interesting study that was done in Brazil that watched students that had conduct disorder and watched the symptoms of the students that had dropped out in elementary school or those who stayed in school. They did a random sample of students from a variety of schools and paired a student who was at school to a student who had dropped out. Previous studies had been done on students in high schools and middle schools but not elementary. The peak drop out rate for this region was in the 3rd grade. It was interesting to see that there was a stronger correlation with children with CD who dropped out who also had more prevalent and drastic symptoms in comparison to those who stayed in school. The students who dropped out also had a lower IQ than those who stayed in school. It was interesting to find out that those students who were in school had less prevalent symptoms and a higher IQ. To me this shows that the children going to school does have an affect on their CD.
Tramontina, S., Martins, S., Michalowski, M. B., Ketzer, C. R., Eizirik, M., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2001). School dropout and conduct disorder in Brazilian elementary school students. Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 46(10), 941-947.
Hi Leeann,
DeleteInteresting post. I didn't really think about the option of children dropping out of school and its effect on CD. I can see why children who drop would be more likely to have higher levels of CD. I think that school and the teachers have a huge effect on controlling this behavior and try their best to make the children understand that they need to improve their behavior, making school such a huge factor in why children with CD have lower levels of CD. Now, I think that this article should have taken parent support as a factor too because this could potentially mean that children who dropped out did not have parent support at home and therefore exhibited higher levels of CD. Overall, great post!
Leeann,
DeleteI thought that it was interesting that the peak drop out age was in 3rd grade. I wonder since Brasil is lesser developed than the US if there drop out age for children with CD is younger. Children in the US might have more opportunities to stay in school, so it would be interesting to see if the drop out peak doesn't start until children are older.
Leeann-
DeleteInteresting idea! I had never thought of the correlation of CD and dropping out of school. It makes sense, however, that kids with CD who don't go to school would be more disruptive. I feel like in some type of way being in school can help children be more structured and teach them the ways of society and how to act. Having a higher IQ also makes sense because if you are in school (hopefully) you will get smarter as you progress. Overall great post! I would have never thought to look at how CD can affect schooling and how dropping out of school can make CD symptoms somewhat more prevalent.
Leeann,
DeleteI like this idea of how school environment can effect children at at young age with CD. Your discussion makes me wonder what specific and how severe the kid's symptoms are that led them to drop out. I also wonder, if the parent has a strong influence on whether the child drops out or not? Perhaps the parent's cannot find any sense of relief and help with the child's CD and they feel their only option is to take their child out of school. I think if that is the case the child may not be able to see the affects of how educators and friends can help a child with CD control some of their behaviors and maybe that's why they even have more severe symptoms upon dropping out- they have no sense of structure.